Cheating The Problem Of Our Schools - 1654 Words

Cheating: The Problem of our Schools Imagine a student sitting in English while taking an exam. You see this kid pull out a paper every few seconds and write down an answer real quick then put it away. This is what we all know as cheating. In reality, cheating is defined in many ways. The best definition of cheating is misleading, deceiving, or representing someone else’s work as your own. The reason a lot of kids cheat is because of their grades. It is true that kids who are lazy cheat off of others, but the real reason people cheat is because they need the grade. In the past few years, grade importance and how it reflects on the schools have become more important than the educational value and the understanding of the material. If we were to start focusing more on the educational value rather than grade importance, than the amount of cheating in schools would decrease. Placing so much emphasis on grades rather than the educational value perpetuates the act of cheating and th is need to change. Cheating can be many different things. One of the top styles of cheating is plagiarism. Plagiarism is taking someone else’s ideas or work and pretending it is your own. Students use plagiarism for most things in school right now. It has been used for working on research papers, or even printing out a whole paper for topic. There are so many websites that students use that have every topic on them. There’s Sparknotes and Cliffnotes in order to accomplish their work quickly and withShow MoreRelatedCheating : The Problem Of Our Schools1779 Words   |  8 PagesJames Burton Mrs.Vonda Ford English 6 28 January 2015 Cheating: The Problem of our Schools Imagine a student sitting in English while taking an exam. You see this kid pull out a paper every few seconds and write down an answer real quick then put it away. This is what we all know as cheating. In reality, cheating is defined in many ways. The best definition of cheating is misleading, deceiving, or representing someone else’s work as your own. The reason a lot of kids cheat is because of their gradesRead MoreCheating Is Becoming More Common As The Technological Age Advances872 Words   |  4 PagesCheating has almost become a regular practice in high school as â€Å"75% of students admitted to cheating at least once in high school† (ETS) according to one survey. Cheating in high school typically carries over to higher education where there is more on the line for being caught and that will eventually carry over to when these students enter the work force. Cheating for students is becoming more common as the technological age advances, are students educated o n what constitutes cheatings, has cheatingRead MoreAre Schools Cheating The Government?988 Words   |  4 Pagesthey should start too. Our school system is failing our bright, outstanding students. At least our students should be bright, and outstanding. That’s what our schools assessment tests say, but is that our students excelling in those tests or is it our teachers profound use of an eraser. Are schools cheating the government? Our schools are dumbing down classes so the students get good grades to pass on to the school board to pass. In their defense in order to keep the schools running they need governmentRead Morewatashiwa Essay1713 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Chapter I The Problem and Its Scope There was a time when cheating was rare in schools, but today the whole â€Å"importance of learning† aspect has been eliminated. Instead, everyone is focused on making the top ten percent of their class or being valedictorian and we seem to have forgotten school’s purpose. School exists so that we will be educated, not so everyone can cheat their way into being successful. Education, which has become vital for the survival for any civilizationRead MorePersuasive Essay About Cheating In School1567 Words   |  7 PagesAn enormous problem in schools throughout all of America is cheating. Individuals have been trying to solve these issues since they first arose long ago. Cheating in school can cause serious consequences, whether the teacher catches the cheater or not. Throughout my 12 years of school, I have seen my fair share of cheating. Seeing cheating during school is infuriating, and this issue must dissipate. The solution to this problem may be far from our reach, but people have created a few alternativesRead MoreAcademic Ethics And Ethical Procedures906 Words   |  4 Pagesamount of pressure placed on children in the elementary and high school grades to achieve high scores on standardized test. Unfortunately this type of pressure if continued can lead to cheating on the collegiate level (Schellenbarger, 2013). Academic dishonesty or â€Å"cheating†, has become a common standard amongst specialized high schoolers and prep school students. In one scenario, involving a specialized school in New York, high school students devised an organized plan to cheat on a Regents exam.Read MoreCheating in American Schools - A National Disgrace Essay651 Words   |  3 PagesCheating in American Schools - A National Disgrace Cheating by students in American schools has become a serious and growing problem. A 2005 poll of 12,000 college graduates in the contiguous United States with a 62% response rate showed the following: 45% of all students cheated on an examination that counted toward 10-20% of their grade and 51% cheated on an exam that counted toward 33-50% of their final grade. When asked why they cheated, 70% of cheaters stated that they did not fear failingRead MoreA Study On The Work Of A Teacher At Harvard University Essay1287 Words   |  6 Pagesagainst the rules, as a minor offense or no offense at all. Nearly half take the same view of paraphrasing or copying someone else’s work without attribution and most high school teachers and college professors surveyed fail to pursue some of the violations they find. Who is to blame Experts say that along with students, schools and technology, parents are also to blame. They cite surveys and the work of researchers like Jean M. Twenge, author of the book â€Å" Generation to me .† to make the case thatRead MoreIs Cheating At School Getting Out Of Control?872 Words   |  4 PagesNhi Pham Professor Genetti ENGL 1101 3 December 2015 Is Cheating At School Getting Out of Control? The clock is ticking at 1:00am and Joe is sitting in front of his computer trying to study for his Math test. â€Å"The test will be tomorrow at 7am. I don t understand any of this. I can’t even remember the formulas. What should I do?† Joe thought. But, why is he doing this at the last minute? Was it because of the addicting game â€Å"Battle Front† that he could not get enough of? Or, was it maybe becauseRead MoreIs Cheating Ethical1654 Words   |  7 Pagessociety, fairness, or specific virtues. Secondly, ethics refers to the study and development of one’s ethical standards (Williams, 2010, pp. 2-4). Cheating is defined in the dictionary as, to deceive by trickery; swindle, however the dictionary fails to tell you if it is right or wrong to cheat. People have many different beliefs when it comes to cheating; some think its fine to do while others completely disapprove (Sullivan, 1992). Consequentialism/Utilitarianism: Utilitarianism is the best

Social And Political Views Of Democracy - 1364 Words

Democracy offers people the chance to be involved citizens rather than unreceptive subordinates. However, this right doesn’t come unchallenged. Citizens are required to assess a broad range of political subjects (such as candidates, parties, and policies) and then combine and simplify their likings in a way that allows them to choose on voting decisions. So, how are these challenges met? In the United States, some citizens are conservative Republics, some are liberal Democrats, and others fall in between or outside the two. Recent studies have proposed that these recognitions play an important part in voting behavior and political perception. Recently, however, more studies have accumulated advocating for two meager assumptions in regards to this study: that liberal/conservative identifications are bipolar in meaning and that underlying this bipolarity is cognitive meaning based on political issues (Conover, Feldman, 265). These variances in political positions are called pol itical attitudes, and fall on a spectrum between extremely liberal and extremely conservative. Broadly speaking, this spectrum distinguishes what someone believes about social issues and governments role in society. These beliefs are formed by a variation of aspects, which can include family, gender, religion, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status and region. Even things like behavior, core ideals and values, and ideology can affect people’s political attitudes. However, these opinions are not set inShow MoreRelatedLiberalism, Communism, And Social Democracy736 Words   |  3 PagesThe three political ideologies I will discuss in this paper are Liberalism, Communism, and Social Democracy. These ideologies emerged in the 19th century and are views on society and the way in which it is governed. Liberalism, Communism, and Social Democracy are social, political, and economic doctrines. They share many differences, big and small, but these differences contribute to their overall objective of the betterment of society. How they choose to implement and lead towards that goal is whatRead MoreThe First Wave Of Democratization1177 Words   |  5 PagesThird Wave: Democratization in the Late 20th century. Norman: University Oklahoma Press. Selected pages and 2) Lipset, Seymour M.   1994.†Ã‚  The Social Requisites of Democracy Revisited.†Ã‚   American Sociological Review, 59,1: 1-22. Samuel P. Huntington scrutinizes the Third Wave of Democratization in four parts: 1) The Start of the Third Wave, The Meaning of Democracy, The Waves of Democratization, and The Issues of Democratization. The coup d’à ©tat of April 25, 1974 started the Democratization crusade amongstRead MoreTo What Extent Do Pressure Groups Undermine Democracy in the Us?796 Words   |  4 PagesTo what Extent do Pressure Groups undermine Democracy in the US? For some, pressure groups are a fundamental part of democracy. To others, pressure groups undermine the whole principle of democracy. Democracy is a system of government where decisions are arrived at by majoritarian principles with representatives elected at periodic elections where political equality and political freedom allow the voter an effective choice between competing candidates in a secret ballot. How do pressure groups fitRead MoreDemocracy Is The Best Political System1670 Words   |  7 Pagesor all eligible members of a state can define democracy as a system of government, typically through elected representatives (Oxford Dictionary, December 2014) . Of course there are other ways in truly understand what democracy involves such as a system of rule by the poor or disadvantaged or a society that is based on equal opportunity and individual merit rather than hierarchy or privilege (Heywood, 2013; p.89) . Whether democracy is the best political system for everyone is still very debatableRead MoreThe Current Chinese Government Fits Into The Category Of Authoritarian Regimes856 Words   |  4 Pages The current Chinese government fits into the category of Authoritarian Regimes because Chinese government just use the coercion to limit political pluralism in order to maintain their power, but allows some social pluralism and does not use ideology or coercive mobilization to shape citizen’s interests, or support for the regime. However, China had been in a category of totalitarian regimes once after the World War 2 ended. After the world war 2, under the Mao’s control, China’s sovereignty imposedRead MoreEssay Analysis Of Democracy As A Universal Value By Amartya Sen1513 Words   |  7 PagesIn his article, Democracy as a Universal Value, Amartya Sen asserts that democracy is a universal value. In order to develop his argument Sen needs to state his definition of democracy and define what he means by universal value. In the course of Sens argument he gives his view of the relationship between democracy and the economy. He then defends his view of democracy as a universal value against a main argument that deals with cultural differences between regions. Amartya Sen uses a maximumRead MoreDemocracy has in the 20th and 21st century grown in popularity, which has been credited due to the600 Words   |  3 PagesDemocracy has in the 20th and 21st century grown in popularity, which has been credited due to the ‘waves of democracy’, which has been caused by a variety of reasons all over the world. However because of the growth of democracy, it has led to debate between academics as to whether or not presidentialism has had a positive or negative effect on new and developing democracies. In this essay it will discuss the effect presidentialism has had on democracy as a system of government. A brief backgroundRead MoreAnalysis of Liberalism and Democracy Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of Liberalism and Democracy Liberalism has an ambivalent relationship with democracy, as liberals are against collective power, but support political equality. In the nineteenth century liberals were often opposed to democracy as they saw it as a threat to individual rights - the people are not a single entity but rather a collection of individuals with different opinions and interests, and so it is impossible for every view and opinion to be respected. SinceRead MoreSummary of Primacy of Culture by Francis Fukuyama Essay1463 Words   |  6 PagesFukuyama Democracys Future Ââ€" Francis Fukuyama argues that for any new ideology or political trend to emerge that rival those of liberal democracy, it requires the precursor of developments at the level of civic society and culture. Accordingly, he sees the only civic society, and culture that seems poised to do so is Asia. Fukuyama bases his judgment on the claim that for the consolidation of democracy, there must exist four levels of change: On the first level is Ideology, followed by InstitutionsRead MoreDemocracy And Its Impact On The Nation Economically Before Democracy963 Words   |  4 Pages For a nation to possess a sufficiently operating democracy, does the nation itself need to be modernized beforehand? For a state to be effectively governed by a democracy, the state must take actions and follow the steps of modernizing and strongly developing the nation economically before democracy can function correctly. Although there are many different types of structural and voluntarist theories, the history of multiple countries, for example, El Salvador’s hardship in democratizing before

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder free essay sample

Everybody goes through a bad experience or a rough time throughout their lives. People can usually overcome and learn from their experiences but then again there are some people who are so shattered by what they experience it starts to overcome and take their lives away from them in one single grip. Fear can engulf your mind, body and soul. What if all you could do was think about what happened? Every day you spend thinking about what you could have done differently and replaying the memories over and over again in your mind. For some this causes a spiraling depression and a overcoming of sadness. You want your old life back; you want to be happy and free from worry. Many People are affected by Post-traumatic Stress disorder(PTSD), an anxiety disorder that comes and disrupts your life. The major group of people who are affected with this terrible anxiety disorder are the United States Military, The group of people known to be brave, strong and courageous. We will write a custom essay sample on Post Traumatic Stress Disorder or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder occurs when a traumatic experience happens that threatens your safety or makes you feel helpless. This disorder can happen in any overwhelming situation especially when the situation is unpredictable. This stress disorder can affect the people who personally experience the event, those who witness it, and those who pick up the pieces after words. It can even occur in the friends or family members of those who went through the actual trauma. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder develops differently for everyone. Symptoms can appear as early as hours after, but usually takes weeks, months or even years for the symptoms to appear (Smith, 2011). Just a few possible scenario’s which cause PTSD are: War, natural disasters, car or plane crashes, terrorist attacks, sudden death of a loved one, rape, kidnapping, assault, sexual or physical abuse, and childhood neglect. Not everyone who experiences these events will develop Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. People who have this condition all have symptoms. First of all the memory is seriously impaired, but not in an amnesia sort of way. You re-experience the event over and over again in your head. And the two other main symptoms are you try to avoid any reminders of the event and also increased anxiety and emotional distress. When re-experiencing the traumatic event you begin to get upsetting memories, flashbacks, nightmares, feelings of intense distress, and physical reactions such as pounding heart, rapid breathing, nausea, muscle tension and sweating. While avoiding the event you start to avoid activities, places, thoughts or feelings that you remind you in any way of the incident, loss of interest in activities and daily life, feeling detached and emotionally numb. With Increased anxiety you have difficult sleep patterns, Irritability, difficulty concentrating, and feeling jumpy or easily startled. Other common symptoms of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder include; Anger, Guilt, shame, or self-blame, substance abuse, depression and hopelessness, suicidal thoughts, feeling alienated or alone, physical aches and pains. When soldiers come back from fighting a war, they are scared physically and emotionally. They see the turbulence, the fighting, the killings and they just want to move on and forgot their experience overseas. Service members are at risk for death or severe injury, they witness friends and other soldiers hurt or killed. They also may have to kill or wound others. All of these factors are leading causes to have Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. In 2003, a study done by the United States department of Veterans Affairs, they looked at the mental health of service members in Afghanistan and Iraq. Soldiers in Iraq reported more combat stressors than Soldiers in Afghanistan. The main stressors in Iraq were: Seeing dead bodies, being shot at, being attacked, receiving rocket or mortar fire, and knowing someone who was killed or seriously injured. The soldiers who had more combat stressors had more mental health problems. And those who served in Iraq had higher rates of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder than those who served in Afghanistan. Research on veterans returning from war, suggests that 10-18% of troops are likely to have PTSD when the return. They are also at risk for many other mental health problems such as depression. The use of alcohol, tobacco and drugs may also be a problem. Research has also found that there are certain factors that make it more likely for members of the service to develop the disorder. Longer deployment time, severe combat exposure, severe physical injury, brain injury, lower rank, lower level of schooling, not being married, family problems, female gender, and prior trauma exposure. But not everyone with these factors will develop any kind of stress disorder. Getting help before and after with coping skills can lower your chances greatly. You need to learn how to adapt and overcome these struggles. Now how do soldiers of war overcome this terrible incident in their lives? It can be extremely difficult to experience. You see people dying and getting hurt, and most of the time you will have orders to kill someone else. Returning home can be a very stressful situation, the soldiers can experience, anger, insomnia, anxiety, pain, nightmares and interpersonal difficulties. It is because it is a huge transition, while in combat, your primary focus is survival and now coming home you should not need to worry about those types of things. Also while being deployed, the family goes under changes as well, trying to fill the gaps of the soldier’s absence. After being united, usually a switch cannot be turned right on and go right back living to how things used to be. They think once being home everything will be great. The reality is that people need time to grow back together, to become reacquainted and adjust to the changes each has experienced so that they can develop a new normal. (Steinbach, 2010) Symptoms experienced with the transition of coming home are normal for most veterans, and usually are temporary and go away within a few weeks. It is true that most people who go through traumatic events and develop symptoms of PTSD, will go away overtime because it is our natural coping skill. It is estimated that only 20% of veterans who fought in oversea wars develop the stress disorder. The biggest side effect when it comes to Post-traumatic Stress Disorder is panic or anxiety attacks. They leave you feeling defenseless, hopeless, and scared. Panic attacks refer the the experience of intense fear or discomfort where four or more symptoms of a panic attack are felt. A list of the side effects are: Pounding heart or increased heart rate, sweating, shaking, feeling smothered, choking, chest pain/discomfort, nausea, feeling dizzy, lightheaded or faint, depersonalization, feeling of losing control, fear of dying, chills or hot flashes, numbness or tingling in extremities. Although the DSM-IV, a manual of mental disorders, says that a person must experience more than four symptoms, some people may have panic attacks that only have 3 or less. This is referred to as a limited symptom panic attack. Panic attacks can happen anytime without any trigger, and this is known as an uncued panic attack. It comes out of the blue and is a defining feature of a panic disorder. Cued panic attacks are triggered by something such as public speaking or in a veteran’s case, while getting congratulated or at a ceremony for the Military. Feeling like you are about to die is very scary, and can make you afraid to even go out of your house. Some people experience panic attacks so often it disrupts the normal patterns of their lives. How can someone distinguish between Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and just regular coping with stress? With every traumatic experience there are always repercussions to your wellbeing. You will go through symptoms of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder because your safety and happiness was disturbed. Afterwards you can be fearful, disconnected and have nightmares. These are all normal reactions to traumatic events. But for most people these feelings are short lived and will not continue to disrupt your life. Now for people with PTSD the feelings will not lift and will keep you feeling lifeless and defenseless against your own thoughts, it can even gradually get worse over time. After such a shocking predicament your body goes into shock and but once you make sense of what happened, you come out of it. It is important to face your feelings and remember your memories in order to move on. With Post-traumatic stress disorder, you remain in psychological shock, and your memory and feelings about what happened are disconnected. Luckily now a days, Military veterans receive routine screenings for PTSD immediately after deployments, months afterward and also during routine clinical visits. The best thing a veteran can do when they start experiencing symptoms is to get help. Obtain research, knowledge and preparation will make a big difference with your coping of the stress disorder. Knowing what to expect can help identify issues, and keep them from going any deeper. VA data shows that from 2002 to 2009, 1 million troops left active duty in Iraq or Afghanistan and became eligible for VA care. Of those troops, 48% were diagnosed with a mental health problem. Now there will always be a difficulty with soldiers going to receive help, because they are looked at as being strong and courageous. Why on earth would a soldier need mental health? Reasons that some veterans do not go seek for treatment are; Concern for being seen as weak, being treated differently, privacy, not believing treatment is effective, side effects of treatments, and the cost of medical help. Getting medical help does not make a person weak, it actually helps the person grow stronger and to live a happy and fulfilling life. Getting help for PTSD has many perks. The sooner that the disorder is confronted, the easier it is to overcome. The process is much easier with the guidance and support of a therapist or a doctor. Everyone who experiences memories and feelings from the experience wants to just avoid and push away the situation. But if you try to depersonalize yourself and numb the experience, it will only get worse. Avoidance will ultimately harm your relationships, your ability to function and the quality of your life. Early treatment is better because the symptoms can get worse. Dealing with them early on will stop them from getting worse in the future. It can also get in the way of your family life. You may find that you are pulled away from your family, are not able to get along with people well, or that you are angry and have violent outbursts. PTSD can make other physical health problems worse. Studies have shown a relationship between PTSD and heart trouble. There are many treatments to help a person affected with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. The main way is to go to therapy, and they will help explore other possibilities of treatments. It helps relieve symptoms by helping you deal with the trauma you have experienced. Rather than avoiding the event and any reminder of it, treatment will help encourage you to recall and process the emotions and sensations you felt during the ongoing event. Treatment will also help restore your sense of control and reduce the powerful hold this event has had on your life. Trauma-focused Cognitive-behavioral Therapy helps carefully expose yourself to your thoughts, feelings and emotions of the situation that reminds you of your trauma. There is the option of Family therapy as well. PTSD affects both you and those close to you. It can help your loved ones understand what you are going through. And also help anyone in the family communicate better and work through relationship problems. Medication is also a number one therapy, it helps balance the hormones and chemicals in your brain. It helps relieve secondary symptoms of depression or anxiety. Anti-depressants such as Prozac and Zoloft are the medications most commonly used. Anti-depressants can help you feel less sad, worried and on edge, but they do not treat the causes of PTSD. There are also minor tranquilizers used such as Xanax and Ativan. They are often helpful at the beginning, when symptoms are most intense. Unlike anti-depressants, they are habit forming and they do not mix well with alcohol. There is also medication that can help with sleep. Such as Trazodone, it helps with early morning awakening, it is also non-addictive. Veterans of war should always go for help when they feel symptoms of a traumatic experience for a long time. You will not be looked at as, defenseless and weak. You will be looked at as, strong and courageous for going to get help. Seeing death and injury are a terribly bad experience, and would shatter any normal person’s existence. The people fighting for this countries right for freedom is a blessing, and if anyone is going to look down upon you for needing help they are just not very informed on what is happening overseas. Remember that getting help and treatment will stop PTSD, right in its tracks. You will one day be able to overcome this sad stress disorder and live a normal and happy life.

Start to design Essay Example For Students

Start to design Essay Having completed my identify and analysis I now need to start to design what the presentation will actually look like. I have decided to do three initial design ideas, all different from each other and then ask the English rep which one he prefers and if there are any other things he would like included. Below are my three initial design ideas: Idea 1 Idea 2 Idea 3 After designing these three initila ideas I e-mialed them to the enhlish rep and asked for his feedback on the designs, and which one he would prefer me to develop. He said: Unfortunately I dont like the first design, the colours dont look good together and are not evry good on the eye. I also dont like the whole border as I feel it reduces the amount of space to display information. I dont think this is a good design. However the second design is a lot more attractive, it is simple but also looks good. I like the half border as it gives it a proffesional look. I also like the way that information can be displeyed. The blue and white colours are also suitable. We will write a custom essay on Start to design specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The third design is also nice and I like the effects of the background colours, howvere I feel it is a little bare and I would prefer it if there was a border as it gives itn a better look. I also feel that this restiricts there to only being one way of presenting the information which may not be suitable. He also said: Overall I prefer the second design the most for reasons I have already stated. I think you should develop this, I feel that this initial design developed more would look very good. Another important part of this presentation is the font that is used, I am going to use the same font all the way through the project. As I feel this is an important part of the presentation I decided to do a short surveya amongst people at school and they voted on which font they preffered the best. I then put these results into a graph which will clearly show the findings. The five fonts people voted on were: A- Arial B- Auntumn C- Boulder D- Sharp E- Eurostar I choose five designs which I think would look quite good I then gave these too my fellow classmates and I received the following results: From this graph I can infer that most people preffered the Sharp font, I also liked this design so I am going to use it as the font for my presentation. When I received these results I checked it out with the English rep and he said that he also liked this font style and that it would be good to use. The next thing I need to do is to design my menu structure, this is to show in which ways the screens can be navigated. It will be operated from a main menu and all screens will be reached from there. All screens will also contain a button where the user can return to the main menu. I will also have a title screen that will link straight to the menu. Now I have decided on a design and a font to use I am going to design the final presentation. I am going to show the designs for each of the sections, however I will only design the slide showing information about zones once because all the slides are identiacal looking excpet the information in them changes. I will use the design from my initial design and then devlop this. I will annotate what I have done by the side. Slide 1- Title Screen Also I will have transition effects on this slide. These will be that the images and writing appear automatically. I will have all the boxes appearing on fly mode meaning, they appear on the screen at a set time. I have also put tiem settings on so that each piece of information comes up every second. The information will work down so the thems park name will appear first, the the logo, then the next tetx then the continue butoon. Once this has all appered the user will be able to click on the continue button. The border and mini logo in the corner will be on the screen at the start, this will be the same for every slide. .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2 , .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2 .postImageUrl , .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2 , .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2:hover , .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2:visited , .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2:active { border:0!important; } .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2:active , .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2 .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Designing a Flexible Web-Based Reading Environment EssaySlide 2- Main Menu This is the screen where the whoel presentation is run from, it has links to every screen. Below is the final design for the menu: I will also have transition effects on this slide the logo and border will appear, then all the zones will appear, then one second later the other areas will appear, this gives the display a proffesional look and will alos give time for the user to read everything. I have made hyperlinks on all the text so that when the user clicks on them it takes them to that screen.

Correlation between Multiple Pregnancies and Postpartum Depression/Psychosis

Table of Contents Introduction Postpartum Depression Risk factors for PPD Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Currently, there is an ever increasing incidence of multiple births especially in the developed nations and this is mainly attributed to increase in assisted reproductive technologies. Such multiple pregnancies have well known risks on the infants as well as risks on the mother, more so related to premature births. Although there is a broad understanding of the risks that present with multiple births, there is paucity of knowledge on how multiple births are related to the well-being of the mother, particularly her mental wellbeing.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Correlation between Multiple Pregnancies and Postpartum Depression/Psychosis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is need to examine the mental well-being of mothers with multiple birth since such parents are exposed to various ris ks which exacerbate the likelihood of developing postpartum depression (PPD). Such risks include the stress of bearing and looking after multiple infants, the possibility of having high-risk pregnancy, social isolation, factors such as premature birth, cesarean delivery as well as risks related to assisted reproduction techniques. It is for these reasons that this paper examines the available knowledge on possible association between multiple pregnancies and postpartum depression as well as postpartum psychosis. In recognition of the paucity of information on the relationship between multiple pregnancies and postpartum depression, the paper reviews the likely relationship by understanding the two variables, multiple pregnancies and postpartum depression, in terms of their characteristics. Possible correlations are then suggested relating the adverse effects of multiple pregnancies and the possible links with various causes of postpartum depression. This paper therefore starts with d efining postpartum depression, characteristic symptoms of the condition and the various possible causes which are then related with characteristics and circumstances surrounding multiple pregnancies. Postpartum Depression Postpartum depression is a depression condition that is experienced by women within a month to a period of three months postpartum. It is therefore evident that postpartum depression differs from other forms of depression generally due to the time when the depression occurs. Postpartum depression is usually misdiagnosed with other mental disorders such as peuperal psychosis as well as normal mental and behavioral changes that may occur after birth. Differential diagnosis for PPD should therefore include baby blues, bipolar disorder as well as postnatal psychosis. The main characteristics of PPD include lowered self confidence, increased fatigue, irritability, sleep disturbance, panic, alcohol abuse and anxiety among others (Blicksten and Keith, p. 740). The likelih ood of developing postpartum depression is higher in women who have had postpartum blues with the prevalence of postpartum depression standing at about 6 percent. The prevalence of PPD is reported to be between 10 and 15 percent in Western nations (Oppo et al, p. 239) with either major or minor depression within one year postpartum being between 6.5 and 12.9 percent.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is important to note that postpartum depression mainly occurs one to three months postpartum and an individual with a history of depression is at even a higher risk of developing postpartum depression. Some other risk factors that elevate the probability of getting PPD include deprived social support, failure to breastfeed, and previous pregnancy loss among others. Postpartum depression is mainly characterized by symptoms such as reduced sexual drive, lack of good sleep, feelin gs of guilt, and poor mother-child bond (Feldman Christensen, p. 115). Differentiating postpartum depression from postpartum psychosis is an important thing while discussing the relationship between multiple pregnancies and PPD. Postpartum psychosis presents in form of serious depressed moods, hallucinations, disorganized thought system as well as psychotic thoughts and it usually starts close to delivery (O’hara, p. 1259). Postpartum psychosis is a psychiatric disorder which is associated with postpartum depression at its severe stages. It is common with women who have ever had other forms of mental illnesses and thus women who have had multiple births and had postpartum depression have a high likelihood of developing postpartum psychosis. Risk factors for PPD According to Oppo et al (p. 40), the most common risk factors for postpartum depression include presence of anxious thoughts during pregnancy, severe life stressors, and inadequate or absence of social support. The con tribution of obstetric factors is significant but the effect size is small. From the association of the above factors and PPD, it is possible to hypothesize that any eventuality that introduces or exacerbates any of the risk factors among mothers of multiple births would lead to PPD. The relationship between multiple pregnancies and postpartum depression can therefore be deduced from the risk factors since most women with multiple pregnancies become more vulnerable to the risk factors. Blicksten and Keith (p. 741) indicate that there is an increased incidence of psychiatric disorders among women who have had multiple births and that such disorders mainly occurr during postpartum period. Mothers of twins are particularly vulnerable to psychological disorders – postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis – during the first three months postpartum.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Correlation between Multiple Pregnancies and Postpartum De pression/Psychosis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Cassels and Barclay (para 2), there is a noted increase in the risk of postpartum depression among mothers with multiple births. It is specifically identified that the risk of getting postpartum depression increased by 43 percent if a woman had more than one birth compared to women who had only one birth. Cassels and Barclay (para 1) further report that a study conducted using data from the ECLSBC (Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Control Cohort) for children born in 2001 indicated an adjusted ratio of 1.43 in development of severe postpartum depression among mother with multiple birth relative to mothers of singletons. On trying to identify the reason behind women with multiple births having a higher record of postpartum depression, it is identified that having multiple births is mainly considered as a highly stressful life event in most cases. This is because p arenting multiple births presents with unique demands which leave the mother stressed, exhausted and in most cases socially isolated thus predisposing her to postpartum depression/psychosis. Blackstein and Keith (p. 725) indicate that mothers of multiples go through a hard time during breastfeeding and not many of them are able to handle exclusive breastfeeding which is usually emphasized during the first six months of the infant’s life. In specific, these authors report that the process of breastfeeding multiple infants calls for most women to stay awake as breastfeeding two infants during their first three months takes at least 45 minutes and this is done after every 3 to 4 hours. This leaves the mother stressed and predisposes her to mental illness and particularly postpartum depression. Blickstein and Keith (p. 729) emphasize that breastfeeding multiples calls for the mother to meet specific nutritional needs to ensure that there is enough volume and nutritional requireme nts in the milk and this, coupled with lack of sleep, presents as a stressful situation. Issues of time management and hardships in the mode (including positions) of breastfeeding multiples may be a tough experience, especially for inexperienced mothers, that may subject the woman into stress. It is this and other forms of stress that spill over to the development of postpartum depression. It should be noted that multiple pregnancies are characterized by delivery via caesarian section in most cases and this may have deleterious effects on the mother’s health, more so the pain and discomfort that may occur during breastfeeding. Premature births are also common in multiple births with Keirse, Hanssens and Devlieger (p. 523) indicating that rates of preterm births in multiple pregnancies range from 44.2 percent to 68.4 percent in Europe.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This high rate of preterm births in multiple pregnancies implies that the mother undergoes through a stressful moment which requires a lot of support for successful progression from this stage. Lack of social support and the whole experience of delivering preterm infants are enough stressors to subject the mother into the path of postpartum depression. As noted earlier, taking care of multiple births is a tasking and stressing situation that places a woman at the risk of developing postpartum depression. The mother is likely to start feeling guilty when she thinks her ability to take care of the multiples and any other child that they may be having. It often becomes hard for the mother to give attention to all the children and makes the woman worried and guilty thus paving way for PPD. Another challenge that may make the mother of multiple pregnancies become more anxious and depressed is the high likelihood of requiring intensive care for multiple infants who are born prematurely. A ccording to Spath (p 242), the likelihood of requiring intensive care among multiple premature twins is 16 times higher than in singletons. Moreover, the infants have an elevated risk of up to 10 times of developing celebral palsy. Chances of the multiples dying are also high (3 – 4 times higher than in singletons). Such circumstances predispose the mother to anxiety, which may further be increased by existence of financial constraints of dealing with the circumstances. Overall, the mother of multiple births becomes more prone to postpartum depression. The fact that premature babies have to be under neonatal care, thus away from the mother may create anxiety in the mother or even make her depressed and eventually welcome postpartum depression. The vulnerability of multiple pregnancy mothers to postpartum depression is elevated by the fact that most multiple pregnancies result from an already stressful procedure, in vitro fertilization. The stress associated with assisted repr oduction and even the circumstances that lead a woman to seek assisted reproduction are enough to cause stress which later presents as PPD. Postpartum depression is even likely to be more probable after a woman bears multiple infants compared to bearing single infants severally. This is because handling multiple infants is obviously more tasking than handling a single infant. The presence of postpartum depression has also been said to be about five times common among multiple infants mothers compared to mothers with singletons thus making one conclude that the likelihood of having PPD among mothers of multiples is higher than among mothers of singletons. The reporting that up to 76 percent of mothers of twins experience constant exhaustion relative to only 8 percent of mothers to singletons is a good indicator that multiple pregnancies are more prone to PPD (Haddon, para 2). Assisted reproductive technologies play a great role in the incidence of multiple births as reported by Barke hall-Thomas, Woodward and Wallace (p. 222). In a study conducted by the authors in Australia on the outcomes of triplet births, it was found that up to 59 percent of the triplets were due to assisted reproductive technologies. The incidence of preterm births was found to be high with the median gestation period being 32.5 weeks with a significant 43 percent of the infants being born prior to 32 weeks of gestation. Other than the high prevalence of preterm births in multiple pregnancies, several complications that have the capacity to cause depression in mothers were identified. For instance it was noted that cases of preterm labor as well as rapture of membrane before term were reported. Moreover, almost all the women (93%) gave birth through caesarean section with some suffering complications during the procedure. From this study, it is evident that multiple pregnancies are accompanied by a myriad of problems and circumstances that predispose the mother to the risk of developing po stpartum depression. There is also a high prevalence of prenatal complications that accompany multiple pregnancies and these can have an effect on the development of postpartum depression. Some of these complications include antepartum hemorrhage, cervical incompetence and pre-eclampsia (Barkehall-Thomas, Woodward Wallace, p. 224). Elsewhere, it is reported that mothers of multiple pregnancy often experience hypertension as a main complication. It is important to note that hypertension is also related to stress and therefore it is possible that multiple pregnancies are related to postpartum depression by way of increased incidences of hypertension. The combination of these complications cannot be underestimated in the development of postpartum depression since they are events that leave the mother anxious or stressed (Rosello-Soberon, Fuentes-Chaparro Casanueva, p. 297). Conclusion Postpartum depression is a well acknowledged mental condition among women and it occurs within one m onth to three months after delivery. On the other hand, multiple pregnancies have been on the rise more so with the advancement and penetration of assisted reproduction technologies. A well understood phenomenon associated with multiple pregnancies is the occurrence of several complications among them being preterm birth. Despite this knowledge, the above review of literature identifies that there is paucity of information and research focusing on the relationship between postpartum depression and multiple pregnancy. It is however notable that the available information indicates that postpartum depression cases are higher among mothers of multiple infants compared to mothers of singletons. In addition, it is also evident from this review that there are several factors related to the observation that postpartum depression is more common among mothers of multiple pregnancies. The circumstances surrounding multiple pregnancies and multiple births are found to be sufficient enough to ca use stress and anxiety among multiple pregnancy mothers. As such, these stressful and anxious events give way to the development of postpartum depression. Among the main stressful conditions that have been identified in this research include problems associated with assisted reproduction (such as preterm births, caesarean section and other health conditions), the stress of taking care of the multiple infants more so in breastfeeding the baby, the trauma of caesarian section and possible complications as well as lack of social support. Despite a relationship being identified that postpartum depression is related to multiple pregnancies, the direction of causality as well as the explanations on how the two happen has not been thoroughly explained in literature. It is therefore pertinent that more research is conducted on this topic to shed more light on this relationship and eliminate dependence on speculations. It is however notable that the identification that multiple pregnancies a re related to more instances of postpartum depression can be useful in heightening assessment for PPD among this group of women. This would help in early diagnosis and treatment of PPD before these women are overwhelmed by the condition. Works Cited Barkehall-Thomas Andrea, Woodward, Louise and Wallace Euan M. Maternal and neonatal outcomes in 54 triplet pregnancies managed in an Australian tertiary centre. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 44; (2004): 222–227. Blickstein, Isaac and Keith Louis G. Multiple pregnancy: epidemiology, gestation perinatal outcome. Second edition. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor Francis, 2006. Cassels Caroline and Barclay Laurie. Multiple birth increases postpartum depression risk. 2009. Mediscape Medical News. Retrieved from https://www.medscape.com/ Feldman, Mitchell D. and Christensen John F. Behavioral medicine: a guide for clinical practice. Third edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2007. Haddon, Lynda P. Postpartum depression and mothers of multiples. N.d. Multiple Births: Prenatal Education. Web. O’hara, Michael W. Postpartum depression: What we know. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65.12; (2009): 1258–1269. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.20644 Oppo, A., Mauri, M., Ramacciotti, D., Camilleri, V. and Banti, S. et al. Risk factors for postpartum depression: the role of the Postpartum Depression Predictors Inventory-Revised (PDPI-R). Arch Womens Mental Health 12; (2009):239–249 DOI 10.1007/s00737-009-0071-8 Rosello-Soberon, Maria E., Fuentes-Chaparro Laiza and Casanueva Eshter. Twin pregnancies: Eating for three? Maternal nutrition update. Nutrition Reviews, 63. 9; (2005): 295–302. Spath, Dona Berarelli. The problem of multiple pregnancies. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 41.2; 2007:242-245. This research paper on Correlation between Multiple Pregnancies and Postpartum Depression/Psychosis was written and submitted by user Shannon A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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